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2013年05月10日

myIDkey USB Key

The this stuff named myIDkey USB is a key, it is breaking the a conventional conservative USB password protection device. Better choice for those extremely important document is not then safe lock those paper documents, instead of using such technology to the full sense of style key U disk. myIDkey USB key integrated bio-technology, Bluetooth and voice search function in an advanced stuff, it appears to those of old equipment lost its luster, it really can be achieved even in the movie effect, that is, self-destroyed.

It protects all your passwords, has the appearance of U disk, you can use voice-activated search, biometric fingerprint reader and Bluetooth. Like most other USB key, you can plug it into a computer, and your information will be done automatically. Of course, you put it when the ordinary U disk is also very secure.

For its voice capabilities is perhaps the most able to attract people's attention, for example, say the name of a bank or a confidential location, it will be on the OLED screen display information. But not anyone can "talk", you have to slide their fingers for fingerprint to unlock. If the fingerprint is not secure enough, you can also set the order of the "slap" (tap sequence). This set is prepared for those who have obsessive-compulsive disorder, because this population is only in this way to make them feel at ease, people can the myIDkey USB key setting, when scanned your thumb, also the need for self-setting gesture unlock.
  
タグ ：myIDkeyUSB Key


Posted by novaking at 15:51 │Comments(0)

2013年04月10日

Digital and Analog Power

Electronic equipment, can not be separated from the power supply. Relative to the rapid development of MCU and RF technology, power IC development is very slow, but also from the the early linear power dominant, dominant development to the analog switching power supply, to the emergence of the digital power rewritten power market pattern.

Digital and analog power in the market, competing prevails, the respective growth. Although analog power efficiency and cost, reliability has advantages, but the lack of flexibility. Embedded MCU digital power with a certain degree of flexibility, it not only maintains high efficiency analog switching power supply, at the same time not affect the stability of the system positive feedback from the principle of eradication instability factors affect reliability, thereby reducing the power supply design and manufacturing threshold. As digital power MCU digital feedback, easy to use digital algorithms to implement complex feedback op, laid the foundation so as to further improve the performance of the power. In addition, the digital power parameter adjustment is no longer dependent on the hardware, simply re-configuration of the software, thereby simplifying the production of power, and convenient to use. Of course the MCU join, the complexity of the power of self-diagnosis technology possible, also help to improve the reliability of the electronic components.

Microchip (Microchip) recently announced the launch of world's first digital enhanced power analog controller MCP19111. It MCU, analog controller and synchronous MOSFET driver integrated in a single-chip solution, not only reduces design complexity, reduce component count and smaller footprints at the same time enhance the flexibility, it can also be 4.5V to 32V wide voltage range work. , Flexibility significantly improved compared with the traditional analog technology-based solutions. In addition, it has more advanced features, such as two-way communication or custom code support. The client device in its own IP or custom power conversion algorithm. Usual digital power MCU + MOSFET driver + MOSFET combination. But the MCP19111 available, the digital power mode will be changed to the MCP19111 + MOSFET.

However, some problems still exist in the digital power technology to promote the process. Tang Xiaoquan industry experts pointed out that, relative to the linear power and analog switching power supply, digital power work itself requires power, who provides this power? How to provide? Current power industry, from technology to process only involved in hardware, but digital power analog and digital, hardware and software integration, how to solve the coordination of analog and digital hardware and software in the design and process?

Digital power as an emerging technology will gradually occupied the analog power market, but can not replace the analog supply, like analog switching power supply through 30 years of development, has replaced most of the applications of the linear power supply, linear power is still developing, still widely used, such as LDO.   
タグ ：digital poweranalog powerswitching power supply


Posted by novaking at 12:03 │Comments(0)

2013年03月22日

Elderly Concept Phone

The whole stay aging trend is worsening the lives of the elderly are more concerned about. In response to this phenomenon, the designer Anurag Sarda specifically designed for the elderly this concept phone Edd Mobile Phone.

We can see Edd Mobile Phone has a very simple body design, the candy bar design to provide a better grasp of sense for those hands powerless elderly. Age growth will decline due to the vision of the elderly, the phone LED screen is compressed to one-third of the entire phone, the most notable feature of the fuselage is that a very large number of keys, to facilitate the elderly to enter a phone number operation. In addition there is a smiley face on top of it, it can be better to help the elderly positioning ear position, so do not close the phone can clearly hear the sound, while avoiding the damage caused by the phone fever on the face.

Edd Mobile Phone using electromagnetic induction charging, and the level of radiation generated by the phone to geographical phone for the elderly, how much forgetfulness, so this phone is set away from the sensor, forgotten when the phone is 1015 feet away from your body. tone, it will be issued. Entire phone emits light and can see clearly in low-light situations. Edd Mobile Phone smartphone does not belong in the traditional sense, but any course has some of the characteristics of the smart phone, one of which is voice dialing.


  
タグ ：Concept PhoneElderly Phone


Posted by novaking at 10:45 │Comments(0)

2013年03月16日

Sensor into Security Industry

As security awareness is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, and now more and more people began to focus on security surveillance industry, security monitoring market is another combination of sensor industry development space, many of security surveillance products are inseparable the support of the sensor, and therefore is in the period of development, and has a broad market space security monitoring market more market opportunities will be provided for the sensor industry.

The sensor gradually into the security industry

The security industry products mostly related to real-time information included in video surveillance, sound admission, but if a long time to open the device involved in the problems of storage capacity, the more time recording, you need a larger storage space. To solve this problem, some products using infrared sensors and other equipment needed before start, saves space, and now the entry of the gas sensor, will make more rational application of these devices, more scientific

The combined sensor is formed by different combinations of products in a single sensor package added accelerometers, gyroscopes or electronic compass, so that through the integration in each single package can be increased more applications, and as much as possible to save space and cost. This sensor is more used in electronic products which price pressures or limited board space, mobile consumer electronics products such as mobile phones and tablet PCs in the next few years, the separation of the various sensor devices will be gradually integrated into the 6-axis inertial sensor measurement unit (IMU), become the dominant application form, will be more widely applied to mobile phone and tablet PC market.

In addition, as some mandatory use of certain technology products, the cost on to become a key factor, for example, is now becoming more common off from the automotive sector, in order to reduce production costs, a combination of sensors has become the first choice for many automobile production businesses. The past two years in a these applications increasingly wide range of areas to promote, the combined sensor market sales has been in a rising state.

Smart phones, tablet PCs, security industry, and automotive applications market is the fastest growing market, and there is a huge market space is still hidden in the future vacancies, so the market potential is still considerable, and this is in the period of development of the combination sensor The industry has brought more new development opportunities.

Security sensors development of a new dynamic

Sensors and detection technology has been widely development in the past year, while also showing a lot of new features and trends. Detection technology transfer gradually from indoor to outdoor, the electronic pulse fence, cable leak detectors perimeter devices emerge gradually replaced the traditional infrared shooting and other outdoor detection equipment. Security monitoring market for sensors market opportunity to explore most of the security industry products related to video surveillance, sound admission and immediate information included, but if a long time to open the device, it will involve the issue of storage capacity, the more time recording, you need the greater storage space.

To solve this problem, some products using infrared sensors and other equipment when start, saves space, and now the entry of the sensor will make the application of these devices is more reasonable, more scientific. The combined sensor is formed by different combinations of products in a single sensor package added accelerometers, gyroscopes or electronic compass, so that through the integration in each single package can be increased more applications, and as much as possible to save space and cost.

This sensor is more used in electronic components which price pressures or limited board space, mobile consumer electronics products such as mobile phones and tablet PCs in the next few years, the separation of the various sensor devices will be gradually integrated into the 6-axis inertial sensor measurement unit (IMU), become the dominant application form, will be more widely applied to mobile phone and tablet PC market.

The sensor industry development trend

In the sensor market, there will always continue to extend the application. Today, the development of the sensor space extended to security monitoring market. Because a lot of security surveillance products have a close relationship, and sensors, the sensors have many problems in the security industry have been a good solution. In the development during the period due to the security, and the security market in the future there is a lot of space, so also will bring a lot of opportunities for sensor manufacturer.

Sensor in the security industry contributed, for example, even if the inclusion of data such as video monitoring and voice recording, long recording time of storage devices, the greater the amount of storage needed on this issue, some security products to see infrared sensors for startup and other sensor, this sensor applications saves a lot of space, making the application of the device is more scientific.

Is very popular combination of sensors, is also very popular in the security, acceleration sensor in the sensor package, gyro or electronic compass formed by different combinations of products can increase more application functionality, integrated in a single package, and as much as possible to save the space and cost. Similar to the automotive industry, in order to reduce production costs, the combined sensor has become the first choice for many automobile production businesses. In a these applications increasingly wide range of areas to promote the two years combined sensor market sales has been in a state of rising costs on to become a key factor. The combination of sensors in the future so will be application of the trend, the market potential is great, because there are a lot of market vacancies waiting for the sensor to make up.

Sensor is a detecting means, can feel the information to be measured, and can detect the feel of the information, is converted into an electrical signal according to certain rules, or other desired forms of information output to meet information transmission, processing, storage, display, record and control requirements. It is the most important part of the automatic detection and automatic control.   
タグ ：SensorSecurity


Posted by novaking at 10:51 │Comments(0)

2013年03月06日

White LED Road Lighting 2

White LED operation up to 20% energy form of photon radiation, and the remaining 80% of the energy is transformed into heat can make chips and phosphor coating heating. For low-power LEDs, the 80% of the input power of the heating effect does not rise too much so that the chip temperature, little effect of the LED luminous efficiency, life and operational state. But 0.5W or more high-power white LED, more than 80% of its power concentrated in a very small pn junction area, and will make the chip and phosphor coating substantial warming, which affects not only the luminous efficiency, but will also cause rapid light failure and shortened life expectancy.

50000 or 10-hour long-life judge is estimated monochromatic LED small power LED early stage of development, the power LED, the white light LED chip and phosphor baked at a high temperature for a long time, will make the life of a substantial decline. This is the poor design of the LED lighting engineering operation in three to four months after the sharp decline of the light enables designers often had to replace the light source.

The Ⅲ LED road lighting the the white LED huge investment and excessive publicity, to make this area part of the personnel sent to the high expectations of the white LED, white LED eager to push conventional functional lighting, a lot of personnel in this area and the direct promotion of road lighting, over the years the country completed the LED road lighting and LED photovoltaic road lighting model works dozens (authors examine the excessive road lighting using LED as the light source) and has made enough experience and lessons to be summarized. I think that this test should be a temporary slowdown, the conditions are ripe and then restart.

Road lighting the main light source in China and developed countries is still high pressure sodium lamp, a small number of metal halide lamps, the former 100-120lm / W luminous efficiency, color rendering index of only 20 or less, the luminous efficiency of the latter 80 ~ 100lm / W, color rendering index of 80 or so, taking into account the energy consumption of electrical accessories, such light source system light efficiency 75lm / W ~ 90lm / W between. The road lighting the lighting device is not high optical reflectance, and is often below 60%. About 40% of the use of such lamps direct light to the ground, and the remaining 60% of the light is fired at the ground require the approval of the lamps reflected. Rough estimate to remove a variety of loss does not exceed 76% total light utilization of conventional road lighting, and thereby estimate the ultimate effect of light is about 60lm / W to 70lm / W. In addition, due to unreasonable as well as high-pressure sodium lamp lighting design a special slender columnar luminous body caused by the uneven distribution of light for the dark area between the road centerline and two lights meet lighting standards, the design had to use more power, more high luminous flux of the light source to meet the dark area of ​​the illumination requirements, and thus more caused a waste of energy.

Based on the above, LED road lighting designers that the use of the LED directional radiation performance road lighting design, can significantly reduce energy waste, they believe that the white LED is more energy efficient than high pressure sodium lamps. They designed a number of use of high power LED (1W, 3W) road lighting program and made a model project. However, most of these model projects has not been carefully tested and certified. One lighting design is 120 1W white LED matrix distribution 200 × 250mm rectangular planar circuit board, board wiring, then the overall installed in conventional street lamps. This design is very unscientific, the program selected LED single light-emitting no more than 40lm estimated to 40lm theory, taking into account the the supporting electrical loss (10%) and 90% light utilization, light use of the actual system rate of less than 32 lm / W, 120 LED's total luminous flux approximately 4300lm. If the LED light emission angle of 120 °, press this design 4300lm of light will be the emission angle of 120 ° toward the bottom. Conceivable that such a design will enable ground light is very unevenly distributed between the middle of the street and the light poles completely dark. Did not consider them these facilities to take effective measures to cool the LED substrate, so the LED is concentrated in such a small space, more than 80 watts of power consumption the continued accumulation will make the chip temperature is too high, blocking pressure drop decreased the fat Blu-ray to the long direction of the drift, which will inevitably lead to a serious decline of its light efficiency. Investigated the outskirts of Beijing in a photovoltaic lighting model road (the total power of the light source to 105W) lamp illumination of only 3.5 lux, It is said that the previous two and a half, the completion of the project, the lamp illumination of 7 lux. Lamp diameter of 15 meters away from the place, there is no lighting effects. Those engineering samples in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shandong, Guangdong, Guangdong Shunde somewhere, and somewhere in Shenzhen LED road lighting demonstration Street dimly lit, and the light source must be replaced every 3-5 months.

LED road lighting tests must be under the guidance of experts, after strict certification and design to implementation.

Guangdong enterprise specializing in LED road lighting engineering from access to the lessons, they take measures to make the 1W LED work in 0.5 ~ 0.6W or 3W LED design 1W use, so although the cost is high, light low efficiency, poor lighting effects, but basically solved the light fades and life issues.

Hot in view of China's white LED, developed specifically for the Chinese for road lighting white LED 1W LED front-end packaging materials designed for the specific structure of the convex lens, and the alleged use of such LED without a multinational twice, three times optical design can get a uniform illumination of the road, and easy to use. The company claims that such LED cold light efficiency 70lm / W, compared to 50lm / W in normal use.

Zhejiang, a company designed for road lighting, the integrated-type white LED, the plurality of blue LED chips assembled on the same substrate, using a specially designed larger convex lens for the output window, the coated phosphor in the inner wall of the output window, so that all the LED chips jointly excited the same phosphor coating. This modular LED light-emitting characteristics transformed similar with conventional spherical light source, is more convenient to use, but this structure LED substrate cooling problem persists.
Note that together the plurality of LED road lighting design, in addition to a sufficient luminous flux and a reasonable optical design in order to ensure reasonable light distribution and, more importantly, the heat problem. As mentioned above, approximately 80% of the energy consumption of the LED transformed into heat, high temperature semiconductor devices, if you can not heat generated instant guide to walk you will cause serious consequences.

Road with led lighting conditions are not yet mature, and both need to be LED light efficiency improvement and power increase, more remains to be effective LED cooling solution and measures to solve, of course, the more reasonable optical design is very important.

Of Ⅳ DOE's assessment of the effectiveness of commercial LED products (CALiPER)
LED luminous efficiency and life expectancy indicators, there is a big disagreement, one of the important reasons is that there is no uniform standards and test methods, such as the lighting industry has always been as parameters of the stable operation of the luminous flux output and optical efficiency, while LED industry in general to the initial (cold), the maximum luminous flux and luminous efficiency as the standard, there are many differences in the color rendering index measuring methods and standards of life standards and measurement methods are different, the data falls far short , the evaluation is also very different.

This problem is not only our country, in a foreign country is equally serious, the U.S. Department of Energy had discovered seven market product survey, they were carried out from December 2006 to September 2008, in 2008 alone on continuous January three spot checks were carried out in May and September, and was released in September of the assessment and reporting of the effectiveness of the "commercial LED products CALiPER (Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation & Reporting), they released the data and conclusions are negative in the detect 24 types of products, only two categories (ejection downlight) data and product specifications consistent few LED luminous efficiency of 62lm / W, an average of only 32lm / W the low lack 10lm / W, far from being able to achieve energy Star of the standard. Chaos and data exaggerated propaganda made a very harsh and negative conclusions, including the luminous efficiency, color temperature, color quality, light distribution, as well as the power factor of the lighting system. Optical efficiency, in particular, tend to exaggerate the propaganda they found 2 to 3 times higher than the general users do not understand this. The conclusion of the U.S. Department of Energy is required to establish uniform standards to regulate product quality and indicators, the above problems in our country is more prominent and important.

The Ⅴ conclusions LED is an excellent light source of the future, the specific luminescence mechanism to give it a range of features and characteristics. Because of its small luminous body, the density of the medium, the light emitting very concentrated, high brightness. Even if the power is very small, little luminous flux of LED also give the human eye in a clear, bright the correct optical signal, to indicate, show no superiority than with the theory, its application has an extremely broad in the display area, everywhere. Low-power color LED also decorative lighting and art lighting display unique features and charm, and the 2008 Beijing Olympics, give full play to the LED such functions.

The white LED is an outstanding member of the LED family has a lot of features and characteristics. One of the important purpose of the development of white LED is used to replace the conventional electric light sources such as incandescent, fluorescent, high intensity discharge lamps, etc., however it seems its development as expected rapid. Actual market white LED luminous efficiency of about 40lm / W, up more than 50lm / W for functional lighting, these parameters are to be increased. Even more important for the promotion of the white LED is a cheap and efficient development of the cooling system.

As is known, other than the addition to the LED, all the light emitting body of the light source are to work at high temperatures, a high temperature of several thousand degrees, is to ensure its efficient light-emitting conditions, but the temperature rise of the semiconductor light emitting device such as an LED, a light emitting center is extremely harmful, if this problem can not be solved, the LED light efficiency improvement, power increase is limited.

Small power white LED (1W and below) in a wide range of applications shows tremendous advantages, such as very widely in the small space for local lighting, garden lights, close small power flashlight, lamps and emergency lighting room for growth. White LED does not require, nor conditions and in high-power conventional lighting sources compete for road lighting market.

Not reflective objects, the wide open spaces around the road lighting indoor lighting, road lighting requirements of the luminous flux, which is most of the road lighting 250W 400W high luminous flux high pressure sodium reason, this lamp luminous flux 28000lm to 48000lm range terms 1W, 3W white LED replaces the requirement of the LEDs is too large, the high cost and difficulty of design, and the effect is difficult ideal. In recent years LED road lighting has made a lot of lessons to be white LED light efficiency is not high, life is not long, and I think that should be put off for road lighting with LED test, to be successfully developed higher efficiency, more power white LED and a cheap and efficient cooling system before advancing.

Road lighting consumption for huge energy has great potential to be tapped, the transformation imperative, Philips and Fudan University in cooperation recently, this a very useful study [5], they concluded that the ceramic metal halide lamps is a very good replacement products in the high-pressure sodium lamps.   
タグ ：White LEDRoad Lightingled lightingLED chip


Posted by novaking at 17:53 │Comments(0)

2013年03月06日

White LED Road Lighting 1

LED the development so far, nearly 30-year history, has made great progress, and white LED calendar for more than ten years of rehearsals, the rapid development. LED came into being in the era of severe energy shortages, pollution, and has attracted significant attention. To ease the energy shortage, the mid-1990s, the Japanese government took the lead, following the U.S. government from the financial support of the country's technology and industry to promote the development of solid-state lighting. Our government (Ministry of Science and Technology, led by, including the Department of Energy, Economic and Trade Commission, Ministry of Information Industry, as well as local government) is also strongly supported and funded the research and development of LED and set up a National Semiconductor Industry Association advancing solid-state lighting (China termed 2010 white LED luminous efficiency can be increased to 100 lm / W for semiconductor lighting) plan, and expected , and can be used to a large number of alternative light efficiency of about 90 lm / W fluorescent lamps are widely used in the field of general lighting.

A large number of our businesses, investors, researchers and technical staff have to intervene in this situation, and the large-scale investment to develop LED R & D and production so far is estimated to have invested a total of RMB billions of dollars, in less than a decade achieved outstanding results, and the formation of large-scale industrial chain.

World especially LED white LED so emphasis on their underlying causes, this huge amount of energy consumption and the resulting energy shortages, rising prices, especially caused by the environment has become a very urgent task to make energy savings. A large part of the national energy consumption for lighting. In China and developed countries, electricity for lighting accounts for about total power generation capacity of 12 to 13%, which is a very substantial loss of energy. The light source is still used worldwide inefficient incandescent light source mainly from tapping the potential is very promising.

LED focuses many talents, brilliant achievements, some of the research department announced that they have developed LED reached 120lm / W or even 150 lm / W luminous efficiency under certain conditions. Thus most enterprises have also claimed the luminous efficiency of their product has reached 70lm / W, 90lm / W or higher, the light utilization than the radiation output of each LED optical radiation is directed, even ordinary light source alone directional reflection of the lamps lighting efficiency is higher, and therefore finds that LED is the best functional lighting source, and vigorously promoted to various areas of lighting, a few years ago has been declared the LED will largely replaced by compact fluorescent lamps in 2010, a large scale into the family lighting, and asserted that white LED is the best road illumination light source.

There is no doubt that after 20 years of development, the LED in the display area has been made entirely successful, without than with the theory and has become irreplaceable display devices. Fully display its features decorative lighting, made half of LED outstanding performance in the 2008 Olympic Games opening ceremony to shake the world. But must address the fact that greater limitations in terms of functional lighting white LED persists. China is already the world's largest LED production base and consumer market, LED application fields, but due to the restrictions of the current level of technology and performance, such devices are used for functional lighting is not to use their skills. So-called high power LED, currently on the market can find the most high-power devices, but 3W, even 10W devices in R & D to large-scale production, but for conventional lighting, especially the hundreds of watts of light sources used in road lighting single The granulocyte power err too small. White LED design a lighting project amount must be great, whether it is difficult to design or cost will be worth the wait.

Common evaluation Ⅱ LED light efficiency of LED high light efficiency and long life, and many manufacturers claim their products luminous efficiency of up to 90lm / W or higher, but these data are just some laboratory in the the test initial stage when the LED is still in the highest measured in the cold state data. The so-called 50,000 hours or 100,000 hours life just early estimate of the low-power color LED.

Its theoretical light efficiency can be estimated from the LED light-emitting mechanism. As known LED is the use of carrier recombination and light emission, all of its potential energy in the carrier recombination when transformed into light energy, its internal quantum efficiency of 100% of the purposes of this process alone. Carrier collision with the crystal lattice and the loss of energy in the medium when the composite contained the kinetic energy carried by the carrier, and the electricity is consumed to overcome the resistance of the external circuit are not converted into light. Taking into account the variety of additional energy, the actual carrier recombination within the quantum efficiency does not exceed 90%.

Photons generated when the carrier recombination, has a 50% chance for outgoing radiation, part of the 50% of the photons collide with the lattice and lattice absorption is converted into heat. Portion photon propagation in the different media at the interface will be reflected back to the original medium and is absorbed, addition, as the metal the omentum or transparent conductive film of the output window of the outer electrode also allow a portion of the photons reflected by absorption, these processes will reduce the LED quantum extraction rate, the extraction rate of 80% is located in this part of the photon quantum.

Of photons generated in the carrier recombination, a 50% chance of the incoming radiation, this part of the photons reach the underlying conductive film serves as a reflective mirror, a partially reflective converted to outward output optical photons in this section, however, the inwardly or outwardly The transmission during the collision with the crystal lattice and is partially absorbed, through different media interface will also be part of the reflected or refracted back to the original medium eventually be absorbed. Substrate mirror reflection efficiency and the above process limitations such inward radiation photons into the output light quantum extraction rate does not exceed 40%.

According to the above analysis can estimate the total LED electro-optical conversion efficiency of approximately 54%, which is the ideal case where the estimated result. Any omissions, any defects in the material in the manufacturing process will cause a decrease in the efficiency of energy conversion. Less than 5% of visible light conversion efficiency than incandescent, even compared with the current highest conversion efficiency of high-pressure sodium lamps, ceramic metal halide (electro-optical conversion efficiency of about 30%) is also very high, this is the LED very luring. person prospects reason.

As is known, the 1W energy is completely converted to 555nm wavelength of the yellow light produced when the light flux up to 683lm / W (683lm / W optical power equivalents) approximately 360lm / W, if all is converted to white. As estimated earlier in this article, in the ideal case 555nm yellow LEDs may reach up to about the highest luminous efficiency of 300lm / W, the above estimates are also far from being achieved. Reported the highest light efficiency LED actually only half of the ideal value, and in fact less than 1/4, this is what people On the LED there is great potential to be tapped on the high hopes reason.

The key is to improve the LED luminous efficiency to improve quantum extraction rate, which is to minimize the internal absorption of photons, this is slimline LED reasons. Highest luminous efficiency of ultra-thin (thickness of tens of nanometers) GaN LEDs under conductive film with a high reflective mirror membrane and the inner surface of the output window is made of rough structure, in order to reduce the photon inward reflection, however even so reported the highest light efficiency, but 150lm / W.

The above analysis is monochromatic LED is the monochromatic transformed into the white must then go through a quantum conversion, mostly by emission center wavelength of about 470nm blue LED excitation radiation spectrum center wavelength to 560nm broadband yellow phosphor, which made the blue-yellow mixed white LED, but this led lights efficiency will further reduce required. Photon efficiency can be estimated as follows:

If retained approximately 20% of the Blu-ray LED radiation output, with the remaining 80% of the Blu-ray excited yellow phosphor, in the best case, about 20% of the 80% of the Blu-ray photon absorption for phosphor, and the rest 80% transfer to the center wavelength of 560nm for broadband yellow radiation, this process resulted in an average of 16.1% of the quantum energy loss. Combine the previous data can be estimated that the total energy efficiency does not exceed 40%, and converted to white when the total light efficiency white LED white LED but up 150lm / W. If there is no other breakthroughs, this current white LED may be the highest light efficiency, this luminous efficiency HID lamps, high pressure sodium lamp or ceramic metal halide light sources, such as the current highest light efficiency is also high compared to some. Luminous efficiency has not yet actually achieved, and this half.

We have this experimental study, we use a company's production 1W high brightness blue LED, the center of the spectral radiation wavelength of 470nm see Fig.3 go except SMD LED Package were coated with different thickness of the center wavelength of the radiation is 560nm yellow phosphor coating, after treatment, to measure the emission spectrum thereof. Four typical case is selected from the 24 kinds of samples of different thickness, and its results are shown in Fig.4 a, b, c, d and Schedule. Lumen output in the best case (Fig.4 c) of 38lm (initial cold 50lm), color rendering index of 78.

A well-known multinational companies and technical personnel initial introduced their 1W white LED luminous efficiency reached 70lm / W, the normal operation of the pn junction temperature rise, 50lm / W luminous efficiency reduced.

The results obtained by the Japanese Institute of Materials Science, 2007 nano ceramic center is the highest, they used a center wavelength of 450nm InGaN blue LED and the photon conversion efficiency is high, and has a strong absorption peak at 450nm blue range, low temperature coefficient of the three kinds of phosphors test, the three phosphor were: α-sialon: Yb2 + α-sialon: Eu2 + and Sr2Si5, N8: Eu2 +. The characteristics of these phosphors is the luminous efficiency of the thermal decay is small, 85% of the initial value is still maintained at 150 ℃.

Made InGaN blue LED and phosphor white LED emission spectrum is shown as Fig.6, its luminous efficiency of 55lm / W, color temperature 4500K. This is the highest white LED luminous efficiency reports (I know, according to most of the testing domestic 1W white LED luminous flux 40lm below). No. 2 and No. 3, White LED emission spectrum is shown, such as mixed phosphor preproduction Fig.7, its color rendering index to 82, a color temperature of 4200K, the light efficiency is indeed reduced to 20lm / W.

As described above, the light emitting of the LED is on the load of the carriers (electrons) in the n-type semiconductor in the foreign potential role to overcome the electric potential of the barrier layer into the p-type semiconductor, and to generate a composite light-emitting hole-trapping. Usually the temperature coefficient of the semiconductor, its resistivity decreases as the temperature rises, the barrier potential will also drop to the bottom, at the same time the center wavelength of the radiation will be the longwave direction of drift the leaving luminous efficiency of the phosphor of the (redshift) decreased.
  
タグ ：White LEDRoad LightingLED luminousLED ligh


Posted by novaking at 17:50 │Comments(0)

2013年02月28日

LED Chip Price Cuts

With the the sapphire capacity expansion, the price drop white led light bulbs last year prices have been in decline. Some experts expect the whole of 2012 the price of led bulbs will be decreased by 20% to 30% over 2011, which will give the corporate earnings tremendous pressure. The life of the LED industry: only through technological innovation, improve product cost, in order to ward off risks and enhance their competitiveness.

There is no doubt that, LED bulbs prices is beneficial to the development of the industry, which will accelerate the popularization of led lighting applications. However, the decline in prices, will bring a chain reaction of many aspects, such as the cost of doing business will be increasing pressure, profit margins will be smaller and smaller. Not only of upstream materials enterprises would be subject to cost and profit pressure, the whole industry chain, including chip companies, packaging companies, downstream fixture manufacturers will be subject to varying degrees of impact.

Price decline in the development of any industry will have to face the reality, which is conducive to the development of the industry, LED adverse, only the prices in order to expand the scope of applications to the LED into the tens of thousands of households . But for the production enterprises, the need to continue to develop new products, reduce manufacturing costs, enhance the rate of qualified products in response to the downward pressure on prices.

Recent price decline of LED bulbs do 5W (about 450lm), 8W (about 800lm) LED bulb overall than last year, a decrease of about 60%, the price of each link are, but for the lighting, the key per thousand lumens prices, improved chip performance, lower prices for LED bulbs played an important role, the last year for the led bulb 10 x 23 chip about 7lm, can now to 8 ~ 8.5lm same production 5W led bulb lamp, the original 65 to 70 chips, there are now 50 to 55 chips can meet the original brightness ; addition, 10 x 16 chip can reach 7lm So, if 10 x 16 chip instead of the original 10 x 23 chip can achieve the same brightness, Bulb price down naturally.

Upstream chip companies, of course, also faces the risk of price cuts, chip companies only continue to improve product performance, enhance lm / W value, so that you can meet the same brightness needs to reduce costs, improve product competitiveness.

LED chip price decline is an inevitable trend, the 2011 price cut in more than 40%, it is expected that the 2012 price cuts of 15% to 25%. The price decline is the trend of the times, as described above, to improve product performance, reduce production costs is the only way out of the upstream enterprises to respond to the price decline.

More enterprises will be to protect against the risk of the industry through technological innovation. The wave of Huaguang also innovative, the pursuit of technological progress, "reverse polarity red LED is the selection Innovation and Technology Award. In the chip sector enterprises such as Japan, Korea, Europe and the United States has a very strong strength, compared to the Chinese chip enterprises and foreign enterprises gap.

Red LED, reverse polarity, we developed a new product, used for lighting and display field, our technical level close to the international advanced level, can replace imported products, but also to break the monopoly of foreign products.

LED industry abroad earlier compared to the domestic development, and the overall technical level better than domestic enterprises. However, with the international technical exchanges and closer cooperation, more frequent flow of talent, the domestic technology level and international gap is gradually narrowing.

Some domestic production of red, yellow, light technology also has the shadow of our products and, therefore, has a unique understanding of the material system products and advantages. Also the earliest to do the reverse polarity red LED enterprises, the level of product technology walk in the forefront of the domestic counterparts, can replace imported products.

Reverse polarity red LED innovation is the use of chip process reversed, so that the production of the chip structure conducive to the light-emitting and improve the structure of the brightness. The LED epitaxial wafer set LED reflector technology, the coarsening process and the current expansion process in a greatly improved external quantum efficiency of the chip. In particular is the use of a unique current expansion technology, so that the external quantum efficiency of the chip increased by 10%. Chip PN junction down, allows for heat dissipation, improve the life of the chip.   
タグ ：LED industryLED ChipLED bulbs


Posted by novaking at 16:03 │Comments(0)

2013年02月22日

Creative LED Desk Lamp

This seagull lights (The Seagull Light), as if they spread their wings surf sky seagulls give you unlimited reverie. Lamps overall metal production, the wings smooth lines and a light body, the LED lights is not only a stylish lamp, unique personality of modern art sculpture, very dynamic dazzling Yueyue want to fly, as if the wings thump thump will be able to fly.

Seagulls for inspiration, give full play to the characteristics of LED slim light and elegant design flying shape. LED's low-temperature, energy-saving, security design, continues QisDesign designers has been the nature of care. Seagull lights also can be with you the interaction of light and shadow, light body, the front and rear ends of each set rotary knob. Gently rotate the side of the knob, you can adjust the light shade; other side of the knob is used to adjust the angle of illumination, to show a variety of wings and taking flight posture to meet the different needs on the read or mood lighting use. The design uses a unique light guide technology, so that the LED light source on the wings evenly emit soft light, highly pure, refined, elegant design, add higher taste for the modern home life.





The NUDE plant lighting LED table lamp

The modern city people from nature, both want green lighting, green potted plants, known as the "Green Lantern" Table Lamp with Green Lantern with the same name from the Italian design company NuDe the table lamp design originality, the shape of the corners shape design the sharp corners Hide thin linear LED light source, providing high-quality energy-saving and healthy lighting, flat end of pot planting pots can also be used, both harmonious combination of the perfect curve streamlined fashion. The lamp body part can be rotated 360 degrees, there are a variety of options to adjust lighting direction, material and color according to your needs, and home with even more flexibility, learning table lamps under tired, take a look at the green plants, but also A good swap.




  
タグ ：led table lampled desk lamp


Posted by novaking at 10:34 │Comments(0)

2013年01月28日

Dual Color LED Strip Lights

Introducing the new 12 inches (30 cm) continued Cool Ablaze Xenon White/Amber Yellow Dual-Color Switchback Flexible LED Band Lights, aggressive by the new Aston Martin DB9 with its advocate LED Daytime Active Lights that flash Xenon White during active and aswell action as about-face arresting lights in Amber Yellow color.

Each Audi Style LED band contains 18 pieces cool ablaze top ability 3-Chip SMD LED bulbs, there are 9 pieces Xenon White LEDs for daytime active ablaze approach and 9 pieces Amber Yellow LEDs for about-face arresting ablaze mode.

They are frequently acclimated for lighting up about the headlight lamps, fog lights or beneath the bonanza to accompany your car a beginning new European LED daytime active lights (DRL) attending and will aswell action as add-on about-face arresting lights such as the new Aston Martin DB9, aswell like Audi A5 Q7 Style LED Headlights and Mercedes S Class LED Fog Lights (aka LED Active Lights)

Highlights of these new advised Xenon White/Amber Yellow Dual-Color Switchback LED Ablaze Strips:

* It has two colors, Xenon White and Amber Yellow. Perfect for application as daytime active lights and about-face arresting lights.
* Waterproof design, accomplish it actual simple to adapt the car exoteric after annoying about any baptize damage.
* 3MSelf-adhesive band on the back, accomplish it actual simple to attach the LED band anywhere firmly.

The accession is SUPER EASY with artlessly base only. If you affix this affectionate of switchback LED band to banal bend ablaze ball harness, there will be no absurdity assuming on dashboard!   
タグ ：LED Strip LightsDual ColorAudi Style LEDWhite LED


Posted by novaking at 17:38 │Comments(1)

2013年01月22日

LED Display Purchase & FAQs

What are the factors of the screen can be allowed to consider the user's premises area?
(1) The relationship of the the valid horizon and the actual field size;
(2) Pixel size and resolution;
(3) Unit base area is estimated;
(4) Screen mechanical installation and maintenance operations space;
(5) Screen angle distance.

The playback user needs what?
(1) The text: depending on the text size and differentiate needs;
(2) Video: 320 × 240 dot matrix;
(3) Digital standard DVD: ≥ 640 × 480 dot matrix;
(4) A complete computer video: ≥ 800 × 600 dot matrix;

Ambient brightness Screen brightness requirements?

The general brightness requirements are as follows:
(1) Indoor:> 800CD/M2
(2) Semi-indoor:> 2000CD/M2
(3) Outdoor (look northward):> 4000CD/M2
(4) Outdoor (sit facing south):> 8000CD/M2

Red, green and blue in white constitute what brightness requirements?

Red, green, blue and white couplers aspect contribution is not the same. The fundamental reason is due to the retina of the human eye

Film is different for different wavelengths of light feeling caused. After a large number of experimental test following about proportion, for the reference design:

Simple red, green and blue brightness ratio: 3:6:1
Precise red, green and blue brightness ratio: 3.0:5.9:1.1

Why the high-end full-color screen to use pure green tube?

Actual LED display production of high luminous efficiency but also to obtain rich vibrant color rendering three-color LED lamp, so that the area of ​​a triangle of color in the chromaticity diagram as much as possible in and close to the tongue-shaped spectral color curve, to meet the rich color and giving sufficient brightness and tongue-shaped curve leading to 515nm wavelength light wavelength close to 515nm pure green light LED tube end LED display selection, such as selection of 520nm, 525nm or 530nm wavelength light LED lamp .

Clear luminance and dot density conditions, how the brightness of the single-tube computer?

Calculated as follows: (two red, one green, one blue)
The red LED lamp brightness: brightness (CD) / M2 ÷ points /, M ² × 0.3 ÷ 2
Green LED lamp brightness: brightness (CD) / M2 ÷ Points / M2 × 0.6
Blue LED lamp brightness: brightness (CD) / M2 ÷ Points / M2 × 0.1

For example: 2500 points per square meter density 2R1G1B, per square meter brightness requirements for 5000 CD/M2, then:

The red LED light brightness: 5000 ÷ 2500 × 0.3 ÷ 2 = 0.3
Green LED lamp brightness: 5000 ÷ 2500 × 0.6 ÷ 2 = 1.2
Blue LED lamp brightness: 5000 ÷ 2500 × 0.1 = 0.2
The brightness of each pixel point: 0.3 × 2 +1.2 +0.2 = 2.0 CD

Why choose DVI display interface standard?

(1) Display Interface DVI display card interface is in line with the computer with international standards;
(2) Do not need to open the case, and to facilitate the installation;
(3) Memory, dynamic screen display capabilities;
(4) The ability of software and hardware compatible;
(5) Support all operating systems and application software, and flexibility;
(6) Mass production, low cost, easy maintenance.

Display with a laptop can control, and why?

Can not. Laptop graphics card built-in connection to the control system can not be realized, the BOE currently have a laptop with DVI interface, can achieve a notebook control.

Full Color use Nichia tube homemade pipe in addition to price what is the difference?

(1) Die: Nichia independent production die, the domestic pipe usually die in the United States or Taiwan;
(2) Package: Nichia's own package, no domestic production plants, more homemade pipe packaging manufacturers;
(3) Consistency: Nichia tube the same batch die wavelength difference is small, good consistency, consistency of homemade pipe is relatively poor;
(4) Life span: Nichia tube relatively long life, the homemade pipe attenuation is more serious;

Indoor module full color screen with SMD LED Full Color What is the difference?

(1) Light-emitting part: module full color screen display modules are generally more expensive as yellow-green, pure green module prices; SMD full color screen generally use pure green die;
(2) Display: module full color pixel visual feeling coarse, low brightness, easy mosaic phenomenon; SMD full color screen better consistency and higher brightness;
(3) Maintenance: module full color difficult to maintain, the entire module replacement costs; SMD full color easy to maintain, the single lamp repair and replacement;

Outdoor screen can paste table LED, and why?

Can not. The demanding outdoor screen installation structure, SMD LEDs unable to adapt to the harsh environment of the outdoors;

The higher outdoor screen brightness SMD LED outdoor screen brightness requirements can not be achieved.

Outdoor screen long production cycle Why?
(1) Procurement of raw materials: LED Lamp procurement cycle longer, especially imported die, order cycle takes 4-6 weeks;
(2) A complex production process: subject PCB design, casing production, filling plastic, tune white balance;
(3) Strict structural requirements: general cabinet design, wind, rain, lightning, etc. should be considered.

How to help the user to select the appropriate display?
(1) The need to display the content of;
(2) Visual distance perspective confirmation;
(3) Screen resolution requirements;
(4) To install environmental requirements;
(5) The cost of control;

The display's aspect ratio is how much?
The teletext screen: determine the content displayed;
Video screen: 4:3 or close to 4:3; ideal ratio of 16:9.
A control system capable of controlling the number of points?
Communication screen A card: monochrome, color 1024 × 64
Communication screen B card: the monochromatic: 896 × 512 two-color: 896 × 256
DVI color screen: 1280 × 768
DVI full color display: 1024 × 512

The design of the display size generally consider what factors?
In the design screen body size, there are three important factors:
(1) The need to display the content of;
(2) Floor space conditions;
(3) The display unit template size (indoor screen) or pixel size (outdoor screen).

The display should be added more than 10 kilowatts buck boot device.
Communication requirements: communication distance is long communication lines defined.
Model to display the installed communications line length standard used to install a communications line.
Prohibited and power lines of communication lines in the same line pipe alignment.
Installation requirements: screen installed around the level, do not allow backward
Lifting to the installation of the upper and lower adjustment lever
To be installed before the wall-mounted forward off the hook
Floor installation to add positioning support bolts.

Display power consumption indicators and power requirements?

The power consumption of the display is divided into the average power consumption and maximum power consumption. Average power consumption is also known as the work of power, it is usually the actual power consumption. The maximum power consumption is the power consumption during startup or full bright extreme cases, the maximum power consumption is the factor of the AC power supply (diameter, switches, etc.) must be taken into account. The average power consumption is generally 1/3 of the maximum power consumption.

The display is a large-scale precision electronic equipment, AC220V power input or its associated computer AC220V power input terminal must be grounded for safe use and reliable work.

Note: The computer AC220V power input ground terminal is connected to the computer chassis.
Display installation requirements?
Power requirements: power supply wiring point should be the size of the screen body within
220V mains powered Firewire 0 line ground wire;
380V mains powered Firewire 10 line ground wire;
The FireWire and 0 line wire cross-sectional area of ​​the same;
The display should be added more than 10 kilowatts buck boot device.
Communication requirements: communication distance is long communication lines defined.
Model to display the installed communications line length standard used to install a communications line.
Prohibited and power lines of communication lines in the same line pipe alignment.
Installation requirements: screen installed around the level, do not allow backward
Lifting to the installation of the upper and lower adjustment lever
To be installed before the wall-mounted forward off the hook
Floor installation to add positioning support bolts.

The design and installation of outdoor screen what issues should be considered?

Outdoor screen as follows:
(1) Screen installed outdoors, often exposed to the sun and rain, wind and dust cover, poor working conditions. Electronic equipment wet or excessive moisture can cause a short circuit or even a fire caused by the failure or even fire, resulting in the loss;
(2) The display may be affected by the strong electric magnetic attacks caused by lightning;
(3) The ambient temperature changes greatly. Display the work itself must produce a certain amount of heat, if the ambient temperature is too high heat and bad, the integrated circuit may not work properly, or even destroyed, so that the display system does not work;
(4) Wide audience, the line-of-sight requirements far and wide vision requirements; ambient light changes, in particular, may be exposed to direct sunlight.

Outdoor display must be done for the above special requirements:
(1) Screen and Screen with the construction of the junction must be strictly waterproof caulk; the screen body must have good drainage measures, in the event of a smooth water emissions;
(2) On the screen and buildings to install lightning protection devices. Display main body and cover a good grounding resistance is less than 3 ohms, caused by lightning current discharge in time;
(3) Installation of ventilation equipment cooling, so that the screen body internal temperature between -10 ℃ ~ 40 ℃. Behind the top of the screen to install the axial fan, exhaust heat;
(4) The selection Operating Temperature -40 ℃ ~ 80 ℃ between industrial grade IC chip to prevent winter temperature is too low so that the display can not start. ;
(5) In order to ensure that in the case of strong ambient light, distance visual selection of ultra high power led light-emitting diode;
(6) Media use of a new wide angle tube, wide viewing angle, color pure, consistent coordination, the life of over 100,000 hours. Medium outer package with the most popular cover along the square cylinder the silicone seal metalization assembly; exquisite beauty of its appearance, durable, anti-sunlight, dust-proof, waterproof, anti-high temperature, anti short circuit "Five Anti" features.   
タグ ：LED DisplayFAQsLED lampLED tubeSMD LED


Posted by novaking at 15:51 │Comments(0)

2013年01月15日

High Power LED Cooling

Discussion and Prospect: High Power LED Package Cooling Technology

For a long time, the led heat requirements are not very high case, led more than traditional resin substrate and encapsulation. However, with the market expanding applications continuously improve the level of demand, the The traditional resin substrate after the arrival of the high-power led generations, has gradually inadequate. Therefore, to explore and prospect of high power led packaging materials, has become a hot topic of concern to the industry.

LED cooling principle studies have shown that high power led only 20% of the electrical energy into light energy, the rest will be lost in the form of heat. Up to 80% of the heat energy can not be lost, then led the life will be greatly reduced. led the heat exactly how lost it?

LED cooling capacity usually by encapsulation mode, and the thermal conductivity of the material of the package, the thermal path nor outside conduction, convection, and radiation of these three. As the heat led packaging materials accumulate in the conduction loss package material selection becomes particularly important.

Traditional media is unable to meet the high power led heat demand

With the the market growing number of high-power led applications appear, while considering how lost heat, but also on the stability and continuity of led light. If the heat energy of the LEDs can not be lost, as soon as possible so the brightness and lifetime will decrease rapidly. So, for high power led, traditional epoxy resin by its features are limited, no longer meet the cooling needs.

LED low power or power under conditions of use, the epoxy resin thermal conductivity is lower and the disadvantage of poor heat resistance have not yet been fully apparent. But use epoxy resin material as encapsulated high power led, is likely to appear before the led chip life has not been reached, the epoxy resin has been unsustainable.
In addition, not only the cooling phenomenon causes the epoxy resin changes, even the short wavelength also epoxy causing distress. This is because the white LED emission spectrum also includes the short wavelength light, while epoxy resins are susceptible to the short wavelength light in the white led destruction. Even low-power white led epoxy destruction can exacerbate, not to mention the issue of high power white led short-wavelength light more deteriorated naturally more rapid and severe. Thus, finding new material to replace epoxy encapsulated high power led imminent.

LED heat sink substrate type

At present, the common LED type of heat dissipation board comprising: a rigid printed circuit board, a high thermal conductivity aluminum plate, a ceramic substrate, a flexible printed circuit board, metal composites, and the like.

The rigid printed circuit board (printedcircuitboard; PCB) used for various electronic substrate, LED controller but can not afford the dissipated heat out of the high power led, so applications limited to the low power and the general power LED does not have to high-power LED The possibility of extending the application.

The high thermal conductivity aluminum plate (metalcorePCB; mcPCB) is the PCB below the base material instead of aluminum alloy, general, pure aluminum heat coefficient than aluminum, but because of the hardness of pure aluminum is not high cause difficulties in the use so only when making aluminum substrate material.

Ceramic substrate three, al2o3 (alumina), ltcc (low temperature co-fired ceramic), the aln (AIN). Technical standards alone, no doubt to aluminum nitride highest low temperature co-fired ceramic followed. Led substrate, produced by low-temperature co-fired ceramic heat better, and the high temperature, moisture resistance, etc., but its price is higher than the traditional board several times, until today is still not ideal for production of heat-type substrate material. Of course, if you do not consider the price factor, the ceramic substrate or a well-deserved first choice.

Flexible printed circuit board (fpc) ​​has the advantages of light weight, thin, flexible, flexible use of space, and the coefficient of thermal conductivity is superior to the traditional the the PCB substrate and mcPCB substrate and application area larger than the ceramic substrate. However, the technology is still at the experimental stage, the yield is low, and so could not be put into large-scale.

Metal substrate to become the preferred high-power led

Through the above comparison, the most cost-effective due to the metal substrate relative terms, so it has also become the preferred solution led high power conditions. With footsteps led chips, large-scale, high-current, high-power development, to replace the traditional metal package substrate resin package substrate will be faster.

The purpose of the high heat metal substrate material, can be divided into rigid and flexible two. The LED controller structure, the rigid substrate is a conventional metal material, using a metal such as aluminum, copper, high thermal conductivity of the insulating layer portion is mostly populated inorganics. This metal substrate has a high thermal conductivity, high heat resistance, as well as electromagnetic shielding, etc., and its thickness is usually greater than 1 mm, it is widely used in which the LED lighting module and the lighting module, and contribute significantly to the high power LEDs in the lights the promotion and popularization.

Flexible substrate promising

In general, the efficiency of the thermal conductivity of the metal package substrate about 2w / m • k. But because of the higher thermal requirements of high efficiency led, so in order to meet the efficiency of the thermal conductivity of the 4 ~ 6w / m • k, has the efficiency of the thermal conductivity more than 8w / m • k metal package substrate. The rigid metal packaging substrate to meet high power led package each package substrate manufacturers are actively developing the technology can improve the efficiency of the thermal conductivity.

However, the metal package substrate has the same great disadvantage of metal thermal expansion coefficient the the LED controller when welding with low thermal expansion coefficient of the ceramic chip vulnerable to the impact of thermal cycling, so when the aluminum nitride packaging, metal packaging substrate disharmony may occur, and is therefore necessary to overcome the difference of thermal stress between the led in a variety of different thermal expansion coefficient material, and to improve the reliability of the package substrate.

Flexible substrate appears precisely to solve the above problems. The highly thermally conductive flexible substrate, on the insulating layer-adhesive metal foil, Although the basic structure of the conventional flexible substrate are identical, but in the insulating layer, LED controller is the soft epoxy resin filled with thermally conductive inorganic substance and therefore has a high thermal conductivity of 8w / m? k, and also both the advantages of the soft, flexible and high reliability. In addition, the flexible substrate is also in accordance with customer demand, single-sided single-layer board design into a single-sided double-layer, double-sided double-layer board. According to the experimental results show that the use of high thermal conductivity flexible substrate led temperature can be reduced by approximately 100 degrees Celsius, which can greatly improve the service life of the led.   
タグ ：high power ledLED coolingLED Packagewhite led


Posted by novaking at 12:16 │Comments(0)

2013年01月10日

GreenChip Resonant Controller

GreenChip Resonant Controller Support 400W High Power LED Applications
NXP Semiconductors announced SSL4120 GreenChip is an integrated power factor correction (PFC) half-bridge resonant controller can support up to 400W high power LED application.

Single chip SSL4120 is a efficient solutions for high power LED applications, such as office lighting, shopping malls lighting, high-bay and low bay lighting, parking lot lighting, square lighting and street lighting. The SSL4120 completely support mains applications, to support the efficient start directly from the rectified universal mains voltage range of 90-305 volts. Low total harmonic distortion (THD), the SSL4120 support less than 10% higher than the 0.97 high power factor (PF) and the typical PFC 380 kHz frequency to meet and exceed the traditional requirements of high-power LED lighting applications. NXP will showcase its latest SSL drive chip, green chip series in the Hong Kong International Lighting Fair (Booth No. 5B-C12).

Mr. Ryan Zahn, general manager of NXP Semiconductors global lighting solutions product line, "whether indoors or outdoors, worldwide commercial, industrial and street lighting applications are increasingly demanding requirements of high-power LED solutions. the SSL4120 single LED chip integrated power factor correction controller and a resonant half-bridge converter, and markets high-performance LED driver power supply design elegant, cost-effective solutions. "



The SSL4120 the main characteristics

• Single-chip integrated PFC and half-bridge resonant converter (HBC) controller
• Designed for 75 to 400 W high power LED application design
• True from 90 to 305 V universal mains operation
• Low THD (10%) and high PF (0.97)
• Resonant topology and bottom / zero voltage switching to achieve high performance (> 93%)
• 380 kHz typical PFC frequency in accordance with THD laws and regulations
• compact, you can use a minimum of external components to start the most efficient design
• PFC is critical for real-time control mode
• HBC burst switch
• Full range of protection, including overcurrent protection (OCP), overvoltage protection (OVP), degaussing detection, open circuit protection, capacitive mode protection and general lockout protection input, even in harsh operating conditions, but also to ensure the safety of the work.

Time to market
The the SSL4120 resonant controller is NXP's latest high-power LED driver chip, currently in volume production, the sample is also forthcoming. Other high power LED green chip solutions include the award-winning the SSL4101, which is an integrated PFC flyback controller to adapt to a power range of 25 to 150 W   
タグ ：high power ledSSL4120GreenChipLED lightingled chip


Posted by novaking at 16:29 │Comments(0)

2012年12月31日

iPhone Ancestors

The iPhone has changed the way we communicate, but only a few people may learn more from the original idea to really launch the iPhone this process is how long. Back in 1983, Apple's creative designer Hartmut Esslinger decided to phone and touch screen integration as a product, which is probably true iPhone ancestors.


iPhone ancestors Exposure phone with touch screen combined


Hartmut Esslinger Like other designers as depicting the future of technology, the idea after twenty years to truly create a successful product. From the pictures, early prototypes can be hung on the wall, compared to the iPhone now, neither portable, not so much.

iPhone ancestors Exposure phone with touch screen combined

However, still feel great, this early prototype using the touch screen with a touch pen, virtual keyboard displayed on the screen instead of physical buttons.



iPhone ancestors Exposure phone with touch screen combined


Although it now appears, this product can not be compared with the current cell phone, but its impact on the development of smart phones still can not be ignored. Unlike iPhone, but it is more than two decades ago the portable version of the phone.


  
タグ ：iPhoneAncestorstouch screenphone


Posted by novaking at 17:49 │Comments(0)

2012年12月28日

Low-voltage Circuit Breaker

Low-voltage circuit breakers, also known as automatic air switch can be used to load making and breaking circuit, and can also be used to control the frequent starting motor. It functional equivalent gate knife switch , over-current relay , loss of pressure relay, thermal relay and leakage protector electrical part or all of the functions of the sum, is an important protection of electrical low voltage distribution network.

With the wide application of power system control the development of the digital process applications and power system automation , visualization, automation, networking, real-time, precise requirements getting higher and higher, the corresponding application area wide, complex network structure, the operation is more frequent, the high failure rate of the low-voltage circuit breaker will put forward higher requirements, the traditional circuit breaker simply can not meet the needs of the modern power system automation. Intelligent technology applied is an important development in the application of a low-voltage circuit breakers direction.

The low-voltage circuit breaker has a variety of protection (overload, short-circuit, under-voltage protection, etc.), the action value adjustable, high breaking capacity, ease of operation, safety, etc., so widely used.

The core of the application of intelligent technology in intelligent circuit breaker is set in one multi-function trip protection, measurement, monitoring, and it is mainly by the microprocessor unit, signal detection, acquisition unit, switch input unit, display and keyboard unit perform output unit, communication interface, power supply, such as a few parts.

Generally, the main contact is by manual operation or an electric closing. The main contacts are closed, the free trip to the main contacts of the lock in the closing position. Overcurrent trip heating element in series with the primary circuit of the coil and the heat release, undervoltage release coil and power supply in parallel. Circuit short circuit or severe overload, over-current trip armature pull action of the free trip, main contacts disconnect the main circuit. When the circuit overload, the heating element of the thermal release fever bimetal bending action to promote free trip. When the circuit under-voltage, undervoltage release armature release. Also free tripping mechanism of action. Shunt release as a remote control, in normal operation, the coil is powered down, distance control is needed, press the start button, the coil is energized, the armature driven free trip action, the main touch point disconnected.   
タグ ：circuit breakerpower supply


Posted by novaking at 10:37 │Comments(0)

2012年12月19日

Innocence - Avril Lavigne

I remember the time, Even still by her side to that is how long ago to watching her change, he left, she was married, and his new band, ~ long after the divorce, she will remember that sentence: this songis singing love me, I love the people, but not together

Waking up I see that everything is ok
The first time in my life
and now it''''s so great
Slowing down I look around
and I am so amazed
I think about the little things
that make life great
I wouldn''''t change a thing about it
This is the best feeling
This innocence is brilliant,
I hope that it will stay
This moment is perfect,
please don''''t go away,
I need you now
And I''''ll hold on to it,
don''''t you let it pass you by
I found a place so safe,
not a single tear
The first time in my life
and now it''''s so clear
Feel calm I belong,
I''''m so happy here
It''''s so strong
and now I let myself be sincere
I wouldn''''t change a thing about it
This is the best feeling
This innocence is brilliant,
I hope that it will stay
This moment is perfect,
please don''''t go away,
I need you now
And I''''ll hold on to it,
don''''t you let it pass you by
It''''s the state of bliss you think
you''''re dreaming
It''''s the happiness inside
that you''''re feeling
It''''s so beautiful
it makes you wanna cry
It''''s the state of bliss you think
you''''re dreaming
It''''s the happiness inside
that you''''re feeling
It''''s so beautiful
it makes you wanna cry
It''''s so beautiful
it makes you want to cry
This innocence is brilliant,
it makes you want to cry
This innocence is brilliance,
please don''''t go away
Cause I need you now
And I''''ll hold on to it,
don''''t you let it pass you by
This innocence is brilliant,
I hope that it will stay
This moment is perfect,
please don''''t go away,
I need you now
And I''''ll hold on to it,
don''''t you let it pass you by  
タグ ：Avril LavigneInnocence


Posted by novaking at 12:42 │Comments(0)

2012年12月19日

Types of Touch Screen - 2

4. The surface acoustic wave touch screen

4.1 Surface Acoustic Wave

The surface acoustic wave, a kind of ultrasonic waves in the medium (such as a rigid material such as glass or metal) the surface shallow dissemination mechanical energy waves. Through the wedge-shaped triangular base (according to the wavelength of the SAW strict design) orientation, can be done, a small angle of the surface acoustic wave energy emission. Surface acoustic wave stable performance, easy to analyze, and very sharp frequency characteristics in the shear wave transfer process in recent years, application development soon in NDT, contrast and retire wave direction, surface acoustic wave theory research, semiconductor materials, sound guide material detection technology is already quite mature. The surface acoustic wave touch screen, the touch screen panel part may be a plane, a spherical or cylindrical glass plates, and is installed in front of the screen of the CRT, LED, LCD or plasma display. Glass screen of the upper left and lower right corners of the respective fixed vertical and horizontal directions of the ultrasonic transmitter transducer, upper right is fixed to the two respective ultrasonic receiving transducer. Glass screen four surrounding engraved with an angle of 45 ° from sparse to dense interval precision reflective stripes.


4.2 Surface acoustic wave touch screen works

In the lower right corner of the X-axis transmitting transducer for example: transmitting transducer converts an electric signal sent by the controller through the touch screen cable acoustic energy is converted to pass the left side surface, and then by a group of precision of the glass sheet below the reflective stripes reflected acoustic energy into the pass upward uniform surface acoustic wave energy through the surface of the screen body, and then from the top of the reflective stripes gather into the right of the line to propagate to the X-axis receiving transducer, the receiver will return to the surface acoustic wave transducer energy


Into electrical signals. Emitting a narrow pulse when the transmitting transducer, the acoustic energy after a different way to reach the receiving transducer, and take the right-most earliest arrival go leftmost latest arrival, arrives early and the late reaching these acoustic energy superimposed into a wide waveform signal, it is easy to be seen, the received signal a collection of all the length of different paths in the X-axis direction, after the return of acoustic energy, and they traveled in the Y-axis is the same, but in the X axis, the farthest ratio The recent go twice the X-axis maximum distance. Therefore the time axis of the waveform signal that reflects a position before the superimposition of the original waveform, that is, X-axis coordinate. The transmission signal and the received signal waveform in the absence of touch, the waveform with the reference waveform of the received signal is completely the same. When a finger or other objects capable of absorbing or blocking of acoustic energy, the screen is touched, the finger portion go up in the X-axis via acoustic energy is partially absorbed, reaction in the received waveform, i.e. a certain time position of the waveform on an attenuation notch. Corresponding to the reception waveform the finger blocking parts of the signal attenuated by a notch, to calculate the notch position of a touch coordinate controller analyzes the attenuation of the reception signal by the position of the gap determine the X coordinate. After the Y-axis of the same process determines that the Y coordinate of the touch point. In addition to the touch screen can generally response of X, Y coordinates, the surface acoustic wave touch screen is also responsive to the third axis Z-axis coordinate, and that is able to sense the user’s touch pressure size value. Its principle is obtained by the attenuation of the received signal at the attenuation amount calculation. Once identified, triaxial them to the host controller.


4.3 Surface acoustic wave touch screen features

High clarity, and good transmittance. A high degree of durability, good scratch resistance (with respect to the resistance, capacitance, etc. surface degrees membrane). Responsive. Independent of temperature, humidity and other environmental factors, high resolution, long life (50 million maintaining good case); high transmittance (92%) to maintain the a clear translucent image quality; no drift, simply install time correction; third axis (ie, pressure shaft) response, use more in public places. Surface acoustic wave screen requires regular maintenance, dust, oil or even of beverage liquid contamination in the screen surface, are blocking the touch screen surface wave guide groove, so that the wave does not launch, or change the controller can not properly identify the waveform, thus affecting the normal use of the touch screen, users need to pay strict attention to sanitation. Must often wipe the surface of the screen to keep the screen clean, regular and complete erasure.


Surface acoustic wave screen

Three corners of the acoustic screen paste with the X, Y direction of the transmitting and receiving the acoustic wave transducer (transducer: is made of a special ceramic material and is divided into the transmitting transducer and the receiving transducer. Is to control transforming an electrical signal sent through the touch screen cable as acoustic wave energy into an electrical signal and converging to a surface acoustic wave by a reflective stripes), the four sides of the ultrasonic wave reflected by the reflective surface streaks engraved. Touch screen when a finger or soft objects, some of the acoustic energy is absorbed, and then changes the received signal, after the processing of the controller to obtain a touch X, Y coordinates.


Four-wire resistive screen

Four-wire resistive touch screen surface protection between the coating and the grass-roots covered with two layers of transparent conductive layer of ITO (ITO: indium oxide, weak electrical conductors, characteristic thickness down to 1800 angstroms (angstrom = 10-10 m) suddenly becomes transparent, and then thin down transmittance rate decreased, the transmittance increased to 300 angstroms thickness. all screen resistance and capacitance of the main material of the screen.), the two layers respectively correspond to the X, Y axis, which door between subtle transparent insulating particles insulation, the pressure generated when touched so that the two conductive layers is turned on, due to the change in resistance value obtained by the X, Y coordinates of the touch.


Five-wire resistive screen

Covered with a top five-wire resistive touch screen grassroots X, Y direction of the voltage field added with a layer of transparent conductive layer ITO, the outermost layer of nickel deposit conductive layer (nickel deposit conductive layer: the outer layer of the five-wire resistive touch screen conductive layer is good ductility nickel deposit coating materials, conductive outer layer due to the frequent touch, good ductility nickel deposit in order to extend the service life.) only used as a pure conductor, when touched, with sub- when detecting the contact point of the method of the X-axis and Y-axis voltage values measured at the location of the touch point. The inner ITO need four leads and an outer layer, a total of five lead.


Capacitive screen

The capacitive screen surface is coated with a transparent conductive layer ITO, voltage is connected to the four corners, slight the DC bulk Ministry screen surface to form a uniform of the electric field, hand touch screen supplier, the human body as a coupling capacitor pole, current pooled from the screen four corners form a coupling capacitor other a pole, the relative distance of the calculated current to the touch position by the controller to obtain the coordinates of the touch.


Infrared screen

Infrared touch screen is the use of the X, Y direction clouds infrared matrix to detect and locate a user’s touch. A circuit board frame infrared touch screen installed in the front of the display board in the screen edges arrangement of infrared emission tube and infrared receiver tube, one-to-one correspondence to the formation of the horizontal and vertical cross the infrared matrix. User when the touch screen, the fingers will be blocked if they had been the location of two infrared, which can determine the position of the touch points on the screen. Any touch object can change the contact infrared touch screen operation.

  
タグ ：touch screentouch screen panel


Posted by novaking at 12:32 │Comments(0)

2012年12月19日

Types of Touch Screen - 1

The touch screen by the touch detection means, and the touch screen controller; touch detecting member is mounted in front of the monitor screen, for detecting a user touch position, the accepted evacuation touch screen controller; the touch screen controller’s main role is to receive a touch from the touch point detecting means information, and convert it into contact coordinates, and then sent to the CPU, it is also capable of receiving commands issued by the CPU and to implement them.

A main types on a touch screen.
The touch screen works and information transmission medium, the touch screen is divided into four, namely resistive, capacitive sensors, infrared and surface acoustic wave. Each type of touch screen has its own advantages and disadvantages, to understand the kind of touch screen suitable for the kind of occasion, the key is to understand the working principle and characteristics of each type of touch screen technology . Following a brief description of the above-mentioned types of touch screen:

1. Resistive touch screen
This touch screen using the pressure sensors to control. A main part of the resistive touch screen is a display surface with the resistive films screen, which is a multilayer composite film, it is a layer of glass or hard plastic plate as a base, the surface coated with a layer of transparent metal (oxide transparent conductive resistance) conductive layer, above and then covered with a layer of outer surface hardening treatment, smooth plastic layer anti-rub, and its inner surface is also coated with a coating layer, and between them there are many of the small (less than 1/1000 inch) transparent separation point two conductive layers separated by insulation. When fingers touch the screen, the two conductive layers in the location of the touch point there the contact resistance changes, generating a signal in both X and Y directions, and then sent to the touch screen controller. The controller detects this contact, and calculate the position of the (X, Y), and then operates in accordance with the manner of the simulated mouse. This is the most basic principle of the resistive touch screen technology. Resistance class touch screen lies in materials science and technology, commonly used in transparent conductive coating material:

A, ITO, indium oxide, weakly conductive body characteristics are when the thickness is reduced to 1800 angstroms (Å = 10-10 m) or less, will suddenly become transparent, the light transmittance was 80%, and then thin down transmittance but decline, rising again to a thickness of 300 angstroms to 80 percent. ITO is all resistance technology touchscreen capacitive technology touch screen are the main material used in the face of resistance and capacitance touch screen technology is actually ITO coating.

Nickel gold coating, five-wire resistive touch screen of the outer conductive layer is good ductility nickel deposit coating materials, conductive outer layer due to the frequent touch, use a good ductility nickel deposit materials in order to extend the service life , but the technology costs more expensive. Nickel deposit conductive layer scalability, but only for a transparent conductor, is not suitable as the face of resistance touch screen, because it is high conductivity, and the metal is not easy to do very uniform thickness, suitable for voltage distribution layer, only as a probe layer.

1.1 Four-wire resistive touch screen
The two layers of the four-wire resistive analog technology transparent metal layer when each layer increase 5V constant voltage: a vertical direction, a horizontal direction. Need a total of four cables. Features: high-resolution, high-speed transfer reaction. Processing of surface hardness, reduce abrasion, scratching and anti-chemical treatment. With glossy and matte processing. Time correction, high stability, and never drift.

1.2 Five-wire resistive touch screen
The grassroots of the five-wire resistive touch screen panel technology to both directions of the voltage field through precision resistor networks are added to the conductive surface of the glass, we can easily understand the staggered working voltage field in both directions on the same work surface while the outer layer of nickel and gold conductive layer only just be used as a pure conductor, with a touch detecting a voltage value of the X-axis and Y-axis of the contact point of the inner ITO measured touch point position after timesharing.

The five-wire resistive touch screen inner ITO need four leads, the outer layer only for just a conductor, of the touch screen pinout total of five. Features: high-resolution, high-speed response. High surface hardness, reduce abrasion, scratch and anti-chemical treatment. The same point contact 30 million fair use. The conductive glass as the dielectric of the substrate. Time correction, high stability, and never drift. The five-wire resistive touch screen high-priced and high environmental requirements shortcomings

1.3 Resistive screen limitations
Whether it is a four-wire resistive touch screen or five-wire resistive touch screen, which is a kind of working environment completely isolated from the outside world, afraid of dust and water vapor, it can use any object to touch, can be used to draw and write, more suitable for the field of industrial control and limited office use. The resistive touch screen is a common drawback is the use of plastic material as the outer layer of the composite film, people do not know too hard may scratch the touch screen or use a sharp touch scrapped as a result. However, within limits, will only scratch injured outside the conductive layer and the outer conductive layer of scratch for five-wire resistive touch screen, four-wire resistive touch screen is fatal.

2. Capacitive touch screen
2.1 Capacitive touch screen technology
The current sense of the human body work. Capacitive touch screen is a four-story the composite glass screen, the inner surface of the glass screen and mezzanine each coated with a layer of ITO, the outermost protective layer of a thin layer of silica glass, laminated ITO coating as a face, the four corners leads to the four electrodes, the inner shield for the ITO in order to ensure a good working environment. When the finger touch on the metal layer, since the human field, the user, and the touch-screen surface is formed of a capacitive coupling, for a high-frequency current, the capacitor is the conductor directly, so fingers away from the contact point a small current. Current outflow from the electrodes on the four corners of the touch screen manufacturer, and current flows through four electrodes with fingers to proportional to the square of the distance, the controller through the accurate calculation of the four current ratio, come to the position of the touch point .

2.2 Capacitive touch screen defects
Transmittance and clarity of the capacitive touch screen is better than a four-wire resistive screen, of course, can not be compared and surface acoustic wave screen and five-wire resistive screen. Capacitive screen reflective serious, and a four-layer composite of the capacitive technology touch screen on the transmittance of light of each wavelength is uneven, there is the problem of color distortion, due to light reflection between the layers, also caused image characters blur. Capacitive screen in principle on the human body as an electrode using a capacitor element, when the conductor close to the coupling between the laminated ITO face sufficient amount of capacitance values, the current flow away enough to cause the capacitive screen malfunction . We know, although the capacitance value inversely with the inter-electrode distance, but it is proportional to the opposing area, and also related to the insulation coefficient of the medium. Therefore, when a larger area of the palm or handheld conductor was close to the capacitive screen rather than touch can cause a malfunction of the capacitive screen, in wet weather, this situation is particularly serious, hands held onto the monitor, the palm near the display 7 cm within or without the body near the display less than 15 cm can be caused by capacitive screen malfunction. Another disadvantage of the capacitive screen with a gloved hand or handheld no response when the touch of the non-conductive objects, this is because of the increased more insulating medium. The capacitive screen major drawback is the drift: When the ambient temperature, humidity changes, the environment field is changed, will cause the drift of the capacitive touch panel, resulting in inaccurate. For example: boot monitor temperature rise will cause drift: the user touches the screen while the other hand, or on one side of the body near the display will drift; drift back large objects moving near the capacitive touch screen when you touch someone come around to watch also congenital deficiency will cause drift; capacitive screen drift reasons are technical, environmental potential surface (including the user’s body) with capacitive touch screen from distant than finger multi area, they have a direct impact on the touch location determination . In addition, in theory, many should be a linear relationship between the actually is nonlinear, such as: the total amount of current body weight, or a different degree of wet fingers sucked is different, and the total amount of current change and the four stars current amount changes in the non-linear relationship, the capacitive touch screen with this custom of the four corners of the polar coordinate system is not yet on the origin of the coordinate, the controller can not detect drift and recovery and the completion of the four A / D, the value of the four sub-flows to the touch point on a Cartesian coordinate system X, Y-coordinate value of the calculation process is complex.

The absence of the origin, the drift of the capacitive screen is cumulative, at the job site often need calibration. The capacitive touchscreen outermost protection of silica glass scratch resistant good, but afraid of nails or hard objects knocking, knocked a hole in it will hurt the mezzanine of ITO, whether it is hurt laminated ITO hurt during transport or install the inner surface of the ITO layer capacitance screen can not work properly.

3. Infrared touch screen
Infrared touch screen is the use of the X, Y direction clouds infrared matrix to detect and locate a user’s touch. A circuit board frame infrared touch screen installed in the front of the display board in the screen edges arrangement of infrared emission tube and infrared receiver tube, one-to-one correspondence to the formation of the horizontal and vertical cross the infrared matrix. User when the touch screen, the fingers will be blocked if they had been the location of two infrared, which can determine the position of the touch points on the screen. Any touch object can change the contact infrared touch screen operation. The earlier conceptual, infrared touch screen is low-resolution, touch restricted and vulnerable to environmental interference and malfunction of technical limitations, thus once fade out over the market. After second-generation infrared screen a partial solution to the problem of resistance to light interference, and the third and fourth generation also improved to enhance the resolution and stable performance on key indicators or performance, but did not have a qualitative leap. However, people know about touch screen technology, infrared touch screen is not current, voltage and electrostatic interference, suitable for harsh environmental conditions, infrared technology is the ultimate touch screen products trends. Acoustics and materials science technology touch screen has its insurmountable barrier, such as a single sensor is damaged, aging, touch interface afraid contaminated destructive use, maintenance of complicated problems. Infrared touch screen as long as real to achieve high stability and high resolution, and will replace other technology products into the mainstream of the touch-screen market. The past infrared touch screen resolution is determined by the infrared on the number of tubes in the framework, so the lower resolution, the major domestic products on the market for 32×32, 40X32, in addition to the infrared screen is more sensitive to light environmental factors, illumination changes. large misjudgment or even crash. The weaknesses of the domestic dealer sales promotion of these is the foreign non infrared touch screen Infrared screen. The latest technologies of the fifth generation of infrared screen resolution depends on the infrared tube on the number of scan frequency, and the difference algorithm, a resolution has been reached 1000X720, As the instability of the infrared screen light conditions, from the second-generation infrared touch screen had better overcome resistance to light interference this vulnerability. Fifth-generation infrared touch screen is a whole new generation of smart technology products, it is 1000 * 720 high resolution, multi-level self-regulation and self-recovery hardware adaptability and highly intelligent discriminant recognition, can be a long time in a variety of harsh environments under the arbitrary use. Extensions and can be customized for the user, such as network control, acoustic sensing, human proximity sensing, user software encryption protection, infrared data transmission. Original media campaign infrared touch screen another main drawback uprising sexual difference, In fact, the infrared screen can choice any customer that satisfied riot glass and will not increase too much cost and impact of using performance, other touch screen that can not follow the example of the.

  
タグ ：touch screentouch screen panel


Posted by novaking at 12:29 │Comments(0)

2012年12月05日

Multi-gas Detection System

A gas sensor array collected gas information core unit to AT89C51 and ADC0809 data acquisition and data processing, and display the results to the LED display, identify and detect a variety of gases.
The gas sensor is a gas species can be converted into an electrical signal with the information about the concentration apparatus. Based on the intensity of these electrical signals can be obtained with the test gas present in the environment related to information, which can detect, monitor, alarm. Intelligent gas sensors and pattern recognition systems constitute odor identification instrument has a wide range of application areas, such as the food industry, chemical industry, environmental monitoring, medical diagnostics, safety checks, more and more attention.

Traditional gas detection mostly single gas detection and measurement of a gas to a measuring instrument . An instrument can be performed a variety of gas detection and identification of the development trend of the gas detector, the alcohol sensor methane sensor, CO sensor, etc. This design uses a variety of gas sensors to form a sensor array, the gas through the sensor array can specific component is detected, and is converted into an electrical signal, and then using ADC0809 converts the analog signal of the sensor output as a digital signal , using AT89C51 for data processing and calculations, and the gas type and concentration information via LED display, and on the realization of Qualitative identification and detection of a variety of gases.

1. hardware circuit designThe design of hardware circuit of data acquisition, data conversion, data processing, result display and alarm components involved in chip AD0809 analog-to-digital conversion chip, AT89C51 microcontroller , SUN7474 frequency generator and some gas sensor, drive circuit, reset circuit and LED display modules.

1.1 The gas sensor arrayThe gas sensor array is a key component of the electronic olfactory system unit, the equivalent of the primary olfactory neurons, has a broad spectrum of response characteristics, the cross-sensitivity of different odor / gas gas components of different sensitivity .

The gas sensor is composed of a core of gas sensor array devices. The gas sensor is a specific component in the gas is detected and converted into an electric signal device. Typically, the gas sensor array can be used to separate gas sensor combination, and using the integrated production process, small size, low power consumption, easy to focus on the collection and processing of the signal. Single gas sensors and pass sensitive array have a qualitative difference in the characteristics of a single gas sensor odor / gas response available strength in addition to the response of each sensor, gas sensor array is formed in the multidimensional space of all sensors response pattern, in the case of certain environmental conditions, the response pattern on the array and its excitation is one to one, which is the system of a wide range of odors and gases identification key.

The design requirements to achieve qualitative and quantitative analysis of alcohol, methane, carbon monoxide gas, the first and most important task is to select the appropriate sensor, can be achieved through the performance, price comparison, select MQ-alcohol gas 303A alcohol sensor for methane gas, is used in the semiconductor gas sensor of the MQ-4 , V-40 CO sensor for carbon monoxide gas, the choice is, composed of the sensor array by the three sensors.

The design gas information collected by the gas sensor array, and the collected information into electrical signals, and then sent ADC0809 analog to digital conversion.

1.2 Data acquisition and data processing systemPretreatment, by their respective signal amplifying circuit of the signal provided by the output electrical signal of the gas sensor array, it is converted to a DC signal changes within the range of O ~ 5V, sent to A / D conversion circuit is converted into a digital signal, its data acquisition and processing.

In order to facilitate connection of the 89C51 microcontroller, the system selects the the ADC0809 chip analog-to-digital conversion of the information collected gas. Its resolution of 8 bits, do not have to zero and full scale adjustment, and has a high impedance chopper stabilized comparator, 8-channel multiplexer switch provides direct access to one of the eight single-ended analog signal. The use of single-chip write to start the A / D converter, the conversion to complete before the 89C51 issued by the ADC0809 to the interrupt request signal, the CPU responds to the interrupt request. Through the read operation of the decoder, the conversion result is read and sent to the corresponding memory area to be measured. Re-select to be measured, and again to start the A / D converter interrupt return. ADC0809 89C51 microcontroller connection line, as shown in picture 2.

AT89C51 chip microprocessors.
The 89C51 microcontroller compatible with the 80C51 ATMEL, PHILIPS and SST produced low-power, high-performance 8-bit microcontroller with more hardware resources than 8031, in particular the increase in its internal flash memory Flash ROM can be electrically rewritten brought a lot of convenience to the microcontroller development and application, and the chip price is very cheap. 89C51 In this system, the collected data is processed, its concentration is calculated by the mathematical model of the concentration of various gases, from the digital display of the respective gas type and concentration value, an alarm when the concentration exceeded.

The system also uses a divider SUN7474 divider divide 2 n one-pulse signal, for example, 32768HZ the pulse signal into 1HZ second signal. Is usually T flip-flop, each to a pulse trigger state changes after treatment after n T flip-flop can be one of the n-th power of 2 crossover signal. For the ADC0809 89C51 pick 12MHZ crystal, and output to the divider after ALE end 2MHZ, divider divide clock work .

1.3 Shows the circuitIn this design, the LED display is a display method using the dynamic display. LED dynamic display basic approach is that the public end of the the timeshare rotation digital tube strobe, making the digital pipe turns conduction, the appropriate LED strobe glyph code is displayed in the display field. In this way not only can increase the effective rate of digital tube light hair , and the field of digital tube line is used in parallel, which greatly simplifies the hardware line. The design of treatment results using four LED display , first gas category, after three shows gas concentration. Bitwise rotation lit each LED 1ms keep a lit again within 10 ~ 20ms, repeated more than. So take advantage of the human visual stay like four LEDs are lit simultaneously.

In sum available, based on data acquisition, data processing, and the results of the single-chip multi-gas detection system circuit shown in picture 3.


The design consists of data acquisition, data conversion, data processing, display and alarm several modules.
This article describes the hardware and software design of electronic olfactory system of multi-gas analysis. Used in the design of multi-sensor sensor array, for a variety of different gases, information collection, information conversion and data processing, and finally displays the gas type and concentration of information, and provide a viable solution for the detection of a variety of gases .

Article source from: 3cbuzz.blogspot.com
  
タグ ：CO sensorsensorsgas sensor


Posted by novaking at 10:05 │Comments(0)

2012年11月27日

iPhone Stander

This is a creative designer Che-Yu Lu, Stander is a super special iPhone bracket, it can stand up from the appearance of the design point of view, it is tempting to think of the design inspiration of the goods in a rocking chair , while the design of the function on the bottom of the bracket is set up speakers, good putting the effect in the open call will be other occasions; most unique bracket automatically stand up when incoming call both remind masters and convenient answer.


  
タグ ：standeriPhone


Posted by novaking at 12:55 │Comments(0)

2012年11月16日

E-motors and its varieties

Uses of electric motor are quite common today. It is used almost everywhere around, including computers used in home, offices and study centers, in which electric motors are used in fans, disk drives, DVD player and CD-ROM player. Apart from this, they are used in ceiling fans, washing machines and many other places, but not common motors are used everywhere. For every application there is certain type of electric motor. It can be broadly classified into three basic types:

AC (Alternate Current) motors: These motors are named so because they run on alternate current. These kinds of motors are further subdivided into two power modes. i.e. single phase and three phase motors. Single phase motors are used for home based application where single phase AC electricity is supplied. Similarly, three phase motors are used for commercial purposes, like in factories and industries where three phase electricity is supplied.

Direct Current motors: Again DC motors are named after the mode of electric current they use. Some of its examples include, brush motors, brushless motors and stepper motors.

Among all the types brush electric motor is the most commonly used motor for different applications because of the ease it is build up and cost effectiveness. But it too has a drawback and i.e. they use carbon brushes to transfer electric current to the rotating part, these brushes wear after regular use and eventually results into the breakdown of the electric motor.

Brushless mechanism though eliminates the brushes, but this raises its price and need of more complicated drive electronics for its operation.

Stepper motors basically fall into the category of brushless motors which is employed basically in automation system. It is special because this system is specially designed to that enables a computerized control system to "step" the motor rotation. This mechanism is largely used to execute computer based programmed applications, say robotic arms.

Universal Motors: These motors are likely to have many features common in DC electric motor, especially brush electric motors. Universal motors are also called series-wound motors and are largely used in household appliances particularly in those which run fast for short period of time. For instance, food processors, blenders, vacuum cleaners, etc.

These are not just the only that differentiates electric motor. It also varies on the basis of their speed rating, size and power. Here, speed specifies rotation per minute (RPM) at no load condition. When motor is loaded the speed gets slowed down. Hence, each motor is designed keeping the type of application and weight to be loaded in consideration so that their speed can be set. Similarly, its power is determined by the horsepower it is featured with. Size of the motor on the other hand is chosen as per the type of area, like large motors are used in large scale workshops where heavy work is carried out. Hence, electric motor varies drastically in their ability and mechanism.  
タグ ：electric motorsdc motorac motor


Posted by novaking at 10:26 │Comments(0)
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